Microchannel plate detector assembly for a time-of-flight mass spectrometer

ABSTRACT

A method is provided for reducing signal ringing in a microchannel plate detector assembly having a cylindrical mount with a center tube extending through at least a portion of the assembly, in a mass spectrometer including the steps of providing the microchannel plate detector assembly with a pin anode extending from the cylindrical mount and located in proximity to the center tube; holding a front portion of the assembly at ground potential; setting a middle portion of the assembly between the front portion and a rear portion to a first voltage potential for accelerating ions; holding the rear portion of the assembly to a second voltage potential; holding the pin anode at a third voltage potential; and accelerating electrons emitted from the middle portion of the assembly toward the pin anode. The third voltage potential is established by an amplifier of an oscilloscope connected to the detector assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to a miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The inventive spectrometer includes (1) a gridless, focusing ionization extraction device allowing for the use of very high extraction energies in a maintenance-free design, and (2) a low-noise, center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly that significantly reduces the noise (or “ringing”) inherent in the coaxial design.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] Miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOF-MS) have the potential to be used in numerous field-portable and remote sampling applications due to their inherent simplicity and potential for ruggedization. Conventional wisdom, however, holds that a compact TOF-MS would not have sufficient drift length to achieve high performance, as measured by good resolving power or the capability to detect and identify product ions.

[0005] These capabilities, found only in laboratory grade instruments, would greatly enhance the utility of a field portable TOF-MS. Without the benefit of an extended drift region (and thereby long flight times), good resolution can only be achieved in a compact TOF-MS if the ion peaks are quite narrow. All aspects of the miniature analyzer and ionization processes that affect ion peak widths must therefore be optimized for minimum peak broadening to improve the overall performance of the field portable TOF-MS.

[0006] Commercially available short-pulse lasers and fast transient digitizers enable the creation and measurement of very narrow ion signals, but the ion source region, reflector performance, and detector response will each contribute to the final peak width as well. To this end, components need to be developed for the miniature TOF-MS that improve its overall performance.

[0007] Accordingly, a need exists to develop components for the miniature TOF-MS that improve its overall performance and are compatible with short-pulse lasers and fast transient digitizers. More specifically, a need exists for a focusing ionization extraction device and a low-noise channel-plate detector assembly which improve the overall performance of the miniature TOF-MS.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention provides a miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) having (1) a gridless, focusing ionization extraction device allowing for the use of very high extraction energies in a maintenance-free design, (2) a miniature flexible circuit-board reflector using rolled flexible circuit-board material, and (3) a low-noise, center-bole microchannel plate detector assembly that significantly reduces the noise (or “ringing”) inherent in the coaxial design. The components described herein improve the overall performance of the TOF-MS. These components have been developed with special attention paid to ruggedness and durability for operation of the TOF-MS under remote and harsh environmental conditions.

[0009] The present invention also provides a method for reducing signal ringing in the microchannel plate detector assembly having a cylindrical mount with a center tube extending through at least a portion of the assembly. The method includes the steps of providing the microchannel plate detector assembly with a pin anode extending from the back of the cylindrical mount and located in proximity to the center tube; holding a front portion of the assembly at ground potential; setting a middle portion of the assembly between the front portion and a rear portion to a first voltage potential for accelerating ions; holding the rear portion of the assembly to a second voltage potential; holding the pin anode at a third voltage potential; and accelerating electrons emitted from the middle portion of the assembly toward the pin anode. The third voltage potential is established by an amplifier of an oscilloscope connected to the detector assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010]FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a gridless, focusing ionization extraction device for a TOF-MS according to the present invention;

[0011]FIG. 1B is a potential energy plot of the electric field generated by the gridless, focusing ionization extraction device;

[0012]FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a flexible circuit-board reflector in a rolled form according to the present invention;

[0013]FIG. 2B is top view of the flexible circuit-board reflector in an unrolled form;

[0014]FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly according to the present invention;

[0015]FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional, exploded view of the center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly showing the internal components;

[0016]FIG. 4 illustrates the detector response waveform for both the single ion signal from a conventional disk anode detector assembly and the center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly having a pin anode;

[0017]FIG. 5 is a cut-away view of the TOF-MS having the gridless, focusing ionization extraction device, the flexible circuit-board reflector and the center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly according to the present invention; and

[0018]FIGS. 6A and 6B are spectra from solder foil and angiotensin II collected using the TOF-MS having the inventive components.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0019] A discussion is first made as to the inventive components of a miniature time-off-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) of the present invention. The inventive components include (1) the gridless, focusing ionization extraction device, (2) the flexible, circuit-board reflector, and (3) the center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly using a pin anode. Following this discussion, a description is provided of an experimental TOF-MS which was constructed and used to evaluate the performance of the inventive components.

[0020] I. Instrumentation

[0021] A. Gridless, Focusing Ionization Extraction Device

[0022] To increase the collection efficiency of laser-desorbed ions from a surface, a gridless focusing ionization extraction device of the present invention will now be described. The ionization extraction device is shown by FIG. 1A and designated generally by reference numeral 100. The device 100 has a preferred length of approximately 17-25 mm and includes a series of closely spaced micro-cylinders 110 a-c mounted within an unobstructed central chamber 105 which is defined by the housing 115. The housing is constructed from one or more insulating materials, such as ceramics, Teflon, and plastics, preferably, PEEK plastic.

[0023] The micro-cylinders 110 a-c are constructed from metallic materials, such as stainless steel and may have varying thickness ranges. Further, it is contemplated that each micro-cylinder is constructed from a different metal and that each micro-cylinder has a different thickness. The micro-cylinders 110 create an extremely high ion acceleration/extraction field (up to 10 kV/mm) in region 120, as shown by the potential energy plot depicted by FIG. 1B, between a flat sample probe 130 and an extraction micro-cylinder 110 a.

[0024] Ions are created in region 120 by laser ablation or matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The ions are then accelerated by the ion acceleration/extraction field in region 120.

[0025] The ions are slowed in a retarding field region 150 between the extraction micro-cylinder 110 a and the middle micro-cylinder 110 b. The retarding field region 150 serves both to collimate the ion beam, as well as to reduce the ion velocity. The ions are then directed through the middle micro-cylinder 110 b, where the ions are accelerated again (up to 3 kV/mm as shown by FIG. 1B).

[0026] After traversing through the micro-cylinders 110 a-c, the ions enter a drift region 160 within the chamber 105 where the potential energy is approximately 0 kV/mm as shown by the potential energy plot depicted by FIG. 1B and referenced by numeral 160′. Reference number 170 in FIG. 1B references the ion trajectories through the device 100.

[0027] The series of micro-cylinders 110 a-c minimizes losses caused by radial dispersion of ions generated during the desorption process. Although the ionization extraction device 100 of the present invention employs a very high extraction field 120, the ions are slowed prior to entering the drift region 160, thus resulting in longer drift times (or flight duration) and hence increased ion dispersion of the ions within the drift region 160.

[0028] Furthermore, the performance of the ionization extraction device 100 is achieved without the use of any obstructing elements in the path of the ions, such as grids, especially before the extraction micro-cylinder 110 a, as in the prior art, thus eliminating transmission losses, signal losses due to field inhomogeneities caused by the grid wires, as well as the need for periodic grid maintenance.

[0029] B. Flexible, Circuit-board Reflector

[0030] Ion reflectors, since their development 30 years ago, have become a standard part in many TOF-MSs. While there have been improvements in reflector performance by modifications to the voltage gradients, the mechanical fabrication is still based on stacked rings in most laboratory instruments. In such a design, metallic rings are stacked along ceramic rods with insulating spacers separating each ring from the next. While this has been proven to be satisfactory for the construction of large reflectors, new applications of remote TOF mass analyzers require miniaturized components, highly ruggedized construction, lightweight materials, and the potential for mass production.

[0031] To this end, the ion reflector of the present invention shown by FIGS. 2A and 2B and designated generally by reference numeral 200 was developed utilizing the precision of printed circuit-board technology and the physical versatility of thin, flexible substrates. A series of thin copper traces (0.203 mm wide by 0.025 mm thick) 210 are etched onto a flat, flexible circuit-board substrate 220 having tabs 225 protruding from two opposite ends (FIG. 2B). The circuit-board substrate 220 is then rolled into a tube 230 (FIG. 2A) to form the reflector body, with the copper traces 210 facing inward, forming the isolated rings that define the voltage gradient.

[0032] The thickness and spacing of the copper traces 210 can be modified by simply changing the conductor pattern on the substrate sheet 220 during the etching process. This feature is particularly useful for the production of precisely tuned non-linear voltage gradients, which are essential to parabolic or curved-field reflectors. The trace pattern on the circuit-board substrate 220 shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B represents a precision gradient in the spacing of the traces 210. Thus, in the resultant reflector, a curved potential gradient is generated by employing resistors of equal value for the voltage divider network.

[0033] For data reported in this study (see section II), the reflector was constructed from a circuit-board with equally-spaced copper traces 210 used in conjunction with a series of potentiometers to establish a curved potential gradient.

[0034] Once etched, the circuit-board substrate 220 is rolled around a mandrel (not shown) to form a tubular shape as shown in FIG. 2A. Five layers of fiberglass sheets, each approximately 0.25 mm thick, are then wrapped around the circuit-board substrate 220. The length of the curving edge of the board 220 is approximately equal to the circumference of the mandrel. When the sheets are wrapped around the rolled circuit-board, a slight opening remains through which a connector end 240 of the inner circuit-board can extend. The position of each successive sheet is offset slightly with respect to the previous sheet so that a gradual “ramp” is formed, thereby guiding the flexible circuit-board substrate 220 away from the mandrel.

[0035] The reflector assembly is heated under pressure at 150° C. for approximately two hours, followed by removal of the mandrel. Wall thickness of the finished rolled reflector assembly is approximately 1.5 mm. A multi-pin (preferably, 50-pin) ribbon-cable connector 250 is soldered onto a protruding circuit-board tab 260 so that a voltage divider resistor network can be attached to the reflector. Alternately, soldering pads for surface-mount resistors can be designed into the circuit-board layout, allowing the incorporation of the voltage divider network directly onto the reflector assembly.

[0036] Finally, polycarbonate end cap plugs (not shown) are fitted into the ends of the rolled reflector tube 230 to support the assembly as well as provide a surface for affixing terminal grids. Vacuum tests indicate that the circuit-board and fiberglass assembly is compatible of achieving vacuum levels in the low 10⁻⁷ torr range.

[0037] The reflector 200 is disclosed in a U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/149,103 filed on Aug. 16, 1999 by a common assignee as the present application.

[0038] C. Center-hole Microchannel Plate Detector Assembly

[0039] For miniature TOF mass spectrometers, the center hole (coaxial) geometry is a highly desirable configuration because it enables the simplification of the overall design and allows for the most compact analyzer. However, the poor signal output characteristics of conventional center hole microchannel plate detector assemblies, particularly the problem with signal “ringing”, clutter the baseline and, as a consequence, adversely affects the dynamic range of the instrument. This limitation severely reduces the chance of realizing high performance in miniature TOF instruments, since low intensity ion peaks can be obscured by baseline noise. Improvements to the analog signal quality of center-hole channel-plate detectors would therefore increase the ultimate performance of the mass spectrometer, particularly the dynamic range.

[0040] Commercially available coaxial channel-plate detectors rely upon a disk-shaped center-hole anode to collect the pulse of electrons generated by the microchannel plates. The anode is normally matched to the diameter of the channel-plates, thereby, in theory, maximizing the electron collection efficiency. However, the center-hole anode creates an extraneous capacitance within the grounded mounting enclosure. The center-hole anode also produces a significant impedance mismatch when connected to a 50Ω signal cable of a digital oscilloscope. The resultant ringing degrades and complicates the time-of-flight spectrum by adding a high frequency component to the baseline signal. Moreover, the disk-shaped anode acts as an antenna for collecting stray high frequencies from the surrounding environment, such as those generated by turbo-molecular pump controllers.

[0041] The pin anode design of the center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly of the present invention as shown by FIGS. 3A and 3B and designated generally by reference numeral 300 has been found to substantially improve the overall performance of the detector assembly 300. For enhanced sensitivity, the assembly 300 includes a clamping ring 305 having an entrance grid 310 which is held at ground potential while a front surface 313 of a center-hole microchannel plate assembly 320 (FIG. 3B) is set to approximately −5 kV, post-accelerating ions to 5 keV. The plate assembly 320 includes four components: a rear conducting ring 320 a, a rear channel plate 320 b, a front channel plate 320 c, and a front conducting ring 320 d. The conducting rings 320 a, 320 d behave as electrodes to apply voltage to the channel plates 320 b, 320 c as known in the art.

[0042] The clamping ring 305 is bolted to an inner ring 325. The inner ring 325 is bolted to a cylindrical mount 330 having a tube 332 extending from a center thereof and a shield 334 encircling an outer surface 336. The shield 334 is fabricated from any type of conducting material, such as aluminum, or stainless steel foil. The rear conducting ring 320 a rests on a lip 338 defined by the cylindrical mount 330. The tube 332 lies along a central axis 340 of the detector assembly 300.

[0043] Using voltage divider resistors, the rear conducting ring 320 a is held at approximately −3 kV as shown by FIG. 3B. Since the collection pin anode 350 is isolated from the detector assembly 300, its potential is defined by the oscilloscope's front end amplifier (nominally ground). Thus, electrons emitted from the rear conducting ring 320 a of the plate assembly 320 will be accelerated toward the grounded anode 350 regardless of the anode's size, geometry, or location and collected by the pin anode 350. The pin anode 350 is located about 5 mm behind the rear conducting ring 320 a.

[0044] It has been demonstrated that the pin anode 350 significantly improves the overall performance of the detector assembly 300. The pin anode 350 virtually eliminates the impedance mismatch between the 50 ohm signal cable of the oscilloscope and the pin anode 350.

[0045]FIG. 4 compares the single ion detector response for both the conventional disk anode and the pin anode configurations. It is evident from FIG. 4 that ringing is significantly reduced and the single ion pulse width is reduced to a value of less than 500 ps/pulse due to the reduction in anode capacitance, limited by the analog bandwidth of the oscilloscope used for the measurement (1.5 GHz: 8 Gsamples/sec), when using the pin anode configuration of the present invention. Furthermore, the background signals in the time-of-flight data caused by spurious noise is found to be much quieter when the pin anode configuration is used.

[0046] II. Results

[0047]FIG. 5 depicts a TOF-MS designated generally by reference numeral 500 which has the inventive components, i.e., the focusing ionization extraction device 100, the flexible circuit-board reflector 200, and the microchannel plate detector assembly 300. The overall length of the entire TOF-MS is approximately 25 cm. A laser 510, such as a nitrogen laser, is used for acquiring MALDI and laser ablation spectra. The laser 510 emits a laser beam 520 which is directed through the TOF-MS 500 using two mirrors 530 a, 530 b. The TOF-MS 500 is enclosed within a vacuum chamber 525 and mounted into position by a bracket/rod assembly 535 such that the laser beam 520 passes through a central path defined by the inventive components. In an experimental study, time-of-flight data was acquired on a LeCroy 9384 Digital Oscilloscope (1 GHz: 2 Gsam/s) used in conjunction with spectrum acquisition software.

[0048] Several different types of samples were used to test the performance of the TOF-MS 500. Surface roughness was an important consideration because heavily pitted surfaces or organic samples with enlarged crystal formation can significantly increase the distribution of ion kinetic energies in the very high field extraction region. Samples were therefore prepared to ensure a smooth desorption surface. FIG. 6A displays the direct laser desorption signal obtained from a clean lead solder foil surface in which spectra from twenty consecutive laser shots were acquired and averaged. Isotopic distributions from both the major lead and minor tin components are clearly resolved. Peak widths at half-maximum are approximately equal to the 5 ns laser pulse width (resolution m/Δm≈1000).

[0049]FIG. 6B shows the averaged MALDI spectrum (25 laser shots) of angiotensin II using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as the matrix. Isotopic separation of the MH⁺ peak at 1047 Da represents a resolution of greater than 1500.

[0050] III. Conclusions

[0051] An innovative, compact time-of-flight mass spectrometer 500 has been developed using a gridless, focusing ionization extraction device 100, a flexible circuit-board ion reflector 200, and a center-hole microchannel plate detector assembly 300. Experimental studies using the TOF-MS 500 indicate that the TOF-MS 500 is capable of producing spectra with very good resolution and low background noise; a problematic feature of many conventional coaxial TOF-MS instruments. Results also indicate that background noise for data acquired on the TOF-MS 500 is substantially reduced, resolution is improved, and the potential for mass producing the TOF-MS 500 in an inexpensive and rugged package for field-portable and remote installations is significantly enhanced.

[0052] What has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. For example, the functions described above and inplemented as the best mode for operating the present invention are for illustration purposes only. Other arrangements and methods may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. 

1. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) comprising: an ionization extraction device; a microchannel plate detector assembly having a cylindrical mount with a center tube extending through at least a portion of the assembly and a pin anode extending from the cylindrical mount and located in proximity to the center tube and a flexible circuit-board reflector, wherein said channel is aligned with a central axis of said ionization extraction device and a central axis of said reflector.
 2. The spectrometer according to claim 1, wherein the microchannel plate detector assembly includes a clamping ring having an entrance grid connected to an inner ring, the inner ring being connected to an outer surface of the cylindrical mount.
 3. The spectrometer according to claim 2, wherein a microchannel plate assembly having a series of microchannel plates is provided between the inner ring and the center tube of the cylindrical mount.
 4. The spectrometer according to claim 2, wherein the outer surface of the cylindrical mount includes an insulating material.
 5. The spectrometer according to claim 3, wherein the pin anode extends from the rear of the cylindrical mount and the pin anode is configured for collecting electrons emitted from the microchannel plate assembly.
 6. A microchannel plate detector assembly for use in a TOF-MS comprising: a cylindrical mount with a center tube extending through at least a portion of the assembly; and a pin anode extending from the cylindrical mount and located in proximity to the center tube.
 7. The assembly according to claim 6, further comprising a clamping ring having an entrance grid, the clamping ring being connected to an inner ring which is connected to the cylindrical mount.
 8. The assembly according to claim 7, wherein an outer surface of the cylindrical mount includes an insulating material.
 9. The assembly according to claim 7, further comprising a microchannel plate assembly having a series of microchannel plates between the inner ring and the center tube of the cylindrical mount.
 10. The assembly according to claim 9, wherein the pin anode extends from the rear of the cylindrical mount and the pin anode is configured for collecting electrons emitted from the microchannel plate assembly.
 11. A method for reducing signal ringing in a microchannel plate detector assembly in a TOF-MS, the assembly having a cylindrical mount with a center tube extending through at least a portion of the assembly in a TOF-MS, said method comprising the steps of: providing the microchannel plate detector assembly with a pin anode extending from the cylindrical mount and located in proximity to the center tube; holding a front portion of the assembly at ground potential; setting a middle portion of the assembly between the front portion and a rear portion to a first voltage potential for accelerating ions; holding the rear portion of the assembly to a second voltage potential; holding the pin anode at a third voltage potential; and accelerating electrons emitted from the middle portion of the assembly toward the pin anode.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the third voltage potential is established by an amplifier of an oscilloscope connected to the microchannel plate detector assembly. 